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16S rRNA gene 3D seismic survey a/b surface soil (ABSS) abandoned mines abiotic abiotic characteristics abiotic factors abiotic stress above ground pipeline academia access management accessibility accounting accumulation acid rain acidic peat acidity Acorus americanus Acoustic Hailing Devices (AHD) Acoustic Recording Unit (ARU) acquisition geometry actinobacteria active management active water treatment active weed control acute toxicity adaptive management adaptive sampling adsorption aerial monitoring aerial photography aerial survey aerial surveys aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms Aerobic biodegradation agent-based model aggregate aggregate excavations agp crossing structures agriculture Agrostis scabra (ticklegrass) air quality air temperature airborne deployment airborne laser scanning (ALS) airborne remote sensing airships Alberta fish sustainability index Alberta Wetland Policy alders alfalfa algae Algar range algorithm tool alkalinity tolerance alluvial channels Alnus crispa Alnus rugosa alternate prey alternative equipment alternative management approaches American kestrel American white pelican ammonia Amphibian amphibian monitoring amphibian surveys amphibian wetland habitat assessment amphibious equipment amphibious excavator amphibious restoration equipment analysis tool ancestry animal fatalities animal movement animal vocalizations animals anthropogenic anthropogenic disturbance anthropogenic footprint anthropogenic stress anthropogenic stressors aquaculture aquatic aquatic communities aquatic ecosystems aquatic habitat aquatic insects Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) aquatic invertebrates aquatic macroinvertebrates aquatic macrophytes aquatic plants Aquatic toxicology aquatic vegetation ArcGIS Arctic grayling arrested succession arthropods artificial aging ARUs aspen aspen chip residue aspen-dominated boreal forests assessment asset retirement obligation (ARO) Athabasca oil sands Athabasca Oil Sands Region Athabasca river atmosphere ATVs auditory detection automated recording units automated signal recognition software autonomous equipment autonomous recording units autotrophic sulphur-oxidizing microbes available N available nitrogen available P available phosphorus available potassium available sulphate-S AVI backfill bacteria balsa poplar balsam fir balsam poplar balsam poplar clones barley barn swallow barriers basal diameter baseline baseline monitoring baseline survey baseline water quality bat bat acoustic monitoring bat boxes bat detector surveys bat monitoring batch tests bathymetry bats bay-breasted warbler bayesian models bear bear baiting bear dens bear watch bearberry bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) bears beaver beaver abundance beaver activity beaver habitat beavers Bebb&apos beetles benchmark analysis benchmarking benthic assemblages benthic invertebrates benzene best management practices Best Management Practices (BMP) best management practices (BMPs) bicarbonate big brown bat big brown bats bighorn sheep bio-islands bioaccumulation bioacoustic bioacoustic database bioacoustic monitoring bioacoustics bioavailability biochar bioconcentration factor biodegradation biodiesel biodiversity biodiversity assessment biodiversity conservation biodiversity frameworks biodiversity indicators biodiversity intactness biodiversity loss biodiversity management plan biodiversity management protocols biodiversity offsets biodiversity ranking biodiversity reservoirs biodiversity trends bioenergetics bioengineering bioengineering ESC bioethanol biofuel biogeochemical function biogeochemical interactions biological communities biological markers biomass biophysical models bioreactor treatment biosolids biotic biotic factors biotic stress birch bird bird banding bird contact monitoring bird detection bird deterrence bird deterrent programs bird habitat bird landings bird mortalities bird mortality bird nest sweeps bird population dynamics bird population trends bird survivorship birds Bison bison grazing bison habitat biting flies bitumen black bears black current black spruce black spruce (Picea mariana) black-backed woodpecker black-throated green warbler blackpoll warbler blue bunch wheatgrass blueberry bog bog cranberry bog habitat bog islands bog labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) bog willow bogs boreal chorus frog boreal chorus frogs boreal ecosystem Boreal Ecosystem Recovery and Assessment (BERA) boreal forest ecology Boreal forest plants boreal forest succession boreal forests boreal grasslands boreal highlands Boreal MAPS program boreal owl Boreal Plain boreal plains boreal plant community boreal plants boreal shield boreal shrubs boreal uplands Boreal wetlands boron borrow excavations borrow pits Botrytis bovine brucellosis bovine tuberculosis bracted honeysuckle brassy minnow breeding breeding bird surveys broadcast seeding broadleaf forest broadleaf weeds brochures brook stickleback brown creeper brown mosses brush layers Brush mulching brush piling bryophyte bryophytes buffalo berry bufflehead building materials bulk density bunchberry bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) burbot burn probability burned sites butterflies C02 sequestration Ca2+ cadmium calamagrostis calcite formation calcium calcium carbonate equivalence calf penning camp waste Campylium stellatum Canada bluegrass Canada goose Canada lynx Canada toad Canada warbler Canadian Development Expense (CDE) Canadian Standards Association Canadian toad telemetry surveys canola canopy canopy closure canopy cover canopy height canopy tree species cap depth cap rock integrity cape may warbler capped MFT capping capping amendments capping thickness capping treatments captive breeding and release carbon accounting carbon dynamics Carbon dynamics food web carbon footprint carbon loss carbon nanotubules carbon sequestration carbon sequestration pipeline carbon storage carbon to nitrogen ratio carbon-nitrogen ratio Carex Carex spp caribou caribou competitors caribou forage caribou habitat reclamation caribou predator caribou predators caribou protection plan caribou ranges caribou restoration caribou-lichen relationships carrying capacity cattail cattail seed heads cattails cavity nesters cell membrane weakening cellar box CEMA central mixedwood Central Mixedwood Boreal forest central mixedwood subregion centralized location centrifuge centrifuged mature fine tailings (CMFT) Ceriodaphnia certification CH4 CH4 flux CH4 production challenge statements chamerion angustifolium channel design channel stabilization charcoal chemical analysis chemical deterrent chemical deterrents chemical fertilizers chemistry chemosensory repellent chickadee chloride choke cherry chokecherry chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) chronic toxicity chronic wasting disease (CWS) chunks Citizen science Cladonia mitis Cladonia rangiferina Cladonia stellaris classification CLAWR clay clay rich soil clay soils clay-colored sparrow Clearwater overburden climate climate change climate warming closed canopy closure closure ecosystem closure features closure landforms closure landscape closure landscapes closure mining closure plan designs closure planning clover co-op CO2 coal Coarse Woody Debris (CWD) coarse woody debris (CWD) applications coarse woody material coarse woody material (CWM) coarse-textured landforms coke coke leachate cold lake cold lake caribou range Cold Lake Operations (CLO) cold stratification cold weather limitations collaring colonizer species colour infrared imagery commercial economic common blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides) common fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium) common goldeneye common nighthawk common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) common yellowthroat communication community composition community engagement community involvement Community Level Physiological community trends Community-Level Physiological Profile (CLPP) compaction companion planting comparative longevity compensation compensation habitat compensation lake competition composite or consolidated tailings (CT) Composite Tailings (CT) compost compost utilization composting compressive sensing Conceptual Site Framework (CSF) conductivity conflict with hunters conifer seedlings coniferous trees conifers connectivity conservation areas conservation management conservation monitoring conservation offsets conservation research conservation revenue consolidated tailings (CT) constructed fens constructed ice lens constructed wetlands construction construction methods construction standards construction tools contaminant flow contaminant mobility contaminant movement contaminant release contaminant source differentiation contaminant transport contaminants continuous monitoring control control area control sites controlled-release fertilizer copper copper mining core hole exploration core hole tree planting corporate asset retirement efficiency corporate strategy COSIA COSIA Area of Interest (AOI) COSIA land challenge COSIA sites cost reduction cost-benefit analysis cost-effectiveness analysis cost-efficiency cottonwood cover crop cover crops cover design cover soils coversoil coversoil type cow-calf coyote coyotes crambe created wetlands credit stacking creek creek reclamation creeks creeping red fescue critical water content crooked pine crowberry crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) crude protein cryptogam establishment cultural harvest culvert assessments culverts cumulative effects cumulative effects assessment cumulative effects model cut and fill sites cut line cut-and-fill cut-blocks d/other surface soil (OSS) dabblers data analysis data analytics data management data mapping data quality data sharing data visualization database deactivation debris placement deciduous forest deciduous tree growth deciduous trees decision framework decision support decision-making decomposition decreased compliance issues decreased cost decreased land footprint decreased liability deep imaging deep peatland deer deer mice deer mouse degradation dehydration density depth-to-water (DTW) desiccated evaporative MFT design thinking desorption coefficient desorption constant development analysis diet diffusion coefficient digital elevation models dip net sampling direct placement direct-current investigations directly sowing seed discharge areas disclosures disease disease surveillance Disease susceptibility disease testing dispersive clays dissolved metals dissolved organic carbon distribution disturbance features disturbance footprint disturbance history disturbed landscapes ditching divers diversion channel DNA hair samples DNA metabarcoding DNA sequencing DNA-based technologies documentation dogwood dormancy Douglas maple drainage drainage networks drained conditions dried mature fine tailings (DMFT) drill cuttings drilling drilling pads drilling system drilling waste drivers drone swarms drones duck ducks dump bucket dump design dunes dust control dust control tools dwarf birch Dyke 4 e-DNA e-Vibe early succession early successional early successional forests early successional wildlife monitoring early-seral vegetation eastern red bat EC Eco-Seis EcoGrowth Organic Reactor (EGOR(TM)) ecohydrological characteristics ecohydrological control ecohydrology ecological classification ecological criteria ecological function ecological functions ecological impact Ecological Land Classification (ELC) ecological monitoring ecological recovery ecological risk ecological risk assessment ecological risk assessment (ERA) ecological risks ecological value economic viability economics ecosite ecosite indicators ecosite mapping ecosite predictions ecosites ecosystem approach Ecosystem carbon ecosystem characterization ecosystem development ecosystem dynamics ecosystem effects ecosystem function ecosystem health indicators ecosystem impacts ecosystem mosaic ecosystem recovery ecosystem restoration ecosystem services ecosystem structure ecosystem trajectory ecosystem types ecotoxicity testing ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi edaphic conditions edge effects eDNA education programs egg masses Egg-Pony range electric fencing electrical conductivity electrical conductivity (EC) electrofishing electromagnetic investigations elk elk forage elk island provincial park elk nutritional needs Elymus trachycaulus (slender wheat grass) emergence emergency evacuation emissions end land users endorheic pans energetics energy energy camp waste energy content energy development impacts energy sector enviro-economic analysis Environment Canada (EC) environmental assessment environmental DNA environmental effects environmental impact assessment Environmental impact assessments environmental impacts environmental indicators environmental performance environmental planning environmental science environmental sensors environmental stewardship environmental stressors environmental sustainability environmental trusts EPEA Approval EPEA sites eptesicus fuscus equipment equipment innovations eradication ermine erosion erosion and sediment control (ESC) erosion prevention establishing native plants ethanol production ethylbenzene evaporation evapotranspiration excess soluble calcium exchangable ions explanatory variables exploration techniques exploration tools explosives exponential fertilization extended growing season External Advisory Panel External Tailings Area (ETA) external water sources F1 F2 F2 fraction PHCs F3 fraction PHCs F4 F4G fabric covers fact sheets fall rye False Colour Infrared (FCIR) faster forests faster revegetation fathead minnow fathead minnows feces fen fen design fen peatland fen transplant fences fencing fermentation and humus (LFH) soil fertility fertilizer fertilizers Festuca saximontana (rocky mountain fescue) fiber insulation field Field and Remote Sensing Environmental Data (FRED) field assessment field experiment Field experiments field guide field guides field monitoring field reconnaissance field sampling field study field surveys field tour field tours field trial finance financial requirements find-textured landforms Finite Difference Model fire fire control fire disturbance fire hazard fire prevention fish fish flavour fish habitat loss Fish health fish monitoring fish passage Fish pathology fish population fish populations fish production fish stocking fish taint fisher fisheries act fisheries compensation lakes flathead chub floating habitat floating logs flooding flooding impacts flow flow accumulation indices flow control flow-through flue gas desulphurization wastes fluid tailings (FT) fluoride fly ash flycatcher foliar chemistry food scraps food security food waste diversion system food web foothills foothills research institute footprint mapping forage forage biomass forage fish forage regeneration foraging activity forbs forest forest analysis forest cover forest establishment forest floor substrate forest floor-mineral mix forest gap forest harvesting forest productivity forest re-establishment forest reestablishment forest stand management forest understory forested areas forests forward-looking infrared (FLIR) fragmentation fragmented litter and humus) Frankia freeze thaw MFT fresh evaporative MFT freshwater freshwater ponds frost depth frost mound froth cake froth treatment tailings froth treatment tailings (FTT) frozen black spruce container seedlings frozen conditions frozen-in stabilization fugitive dust effects fugitive emissions full colour camera (RGB) Full Waveform Inversion funding funding communication fungi future resource development game trails gap analysis gaps gas Gas flux geese generalized linear modelling (GLM) genetic diversity genetics genomics Genomics Enhanced Reclamation Index (GERI) geochemical release geochemistry geodatabase geographic information systems geography geomembranes geometries geometry geomorphology geophysical methods geophysics geospatial modelling geospatial monitoring geotextile fabric germination germination protocols GHG emissions GHG flux gibberellic acid (GA3) gill GIS data GIS mapping Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) gluticocorticoid (GC) goals challenge governance models government GPS collars gradient geophones graminoid plants graminoid species graminoids grammoids grass grasses grassland gravimetrically-heavy grazing impact grease great blue heron green alder green alder (Alnus viridis) green-winged teal greenhouse experiments greenhouse gas greenhouse gas emissions greenhouse gas reduction greenhouse germination greenhouse inoculation greenhouse study greenwashing grey wolf ground cover ground interface ground photography ground sweep ground truthing groundwater groundwater data groundwater dynamics groundwater impacts groundwater quality groundwater transmissivity groundwater wells grouse growth rate growth rates growth stagnation grubbing guide guidelines guides gypsum-amended soils habitat assessment habitat compensation habitat connectivity habitat distribution habitat disturbance habitat diversity Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA) habitat fragmentation habitat function habitat loss habitat management habitat mapping habitat models habitat monitoring habitat quality habitat structure habitat succession habitat suitability habitat suitability index habitat suitability index (HSI) habitat use habitat value habitat-based measures hand felling handpicking hard fescue hardware hay zama protection area hazards health risks heat shock proteins heat treatment heather vole heavy metal dust heavy metals height helicopter helicopter surveys heliportable restoration heliportable technology hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) herbaceous plants herbicide herbicides herd management high ground high resolution satellite data high spatial resolution maps high spatial resolution optical data highbush cranberry (Viburnum edule) hitchhiker planting hoary bat hoary bats hollows horizon oil sands horizontal surveillance radar (HSR) hormones horned grebe hot-water extracted bitumen house sparrow humalite human disturbance human health human land-use human use of linear features human-wildlife interactions humic substances humidity hummock landform technology Hummock Transfer Technique hummock transfers hummocks hydroacoustic survey hydrocarbon hydrocarbon concentrations Hydrocarbon degradation hydrocarbons hydrodynamics hydrogeological modeling hydrologic modelling hydrologic recovery hydrological data hydrological design hydrological function hydrological indicators hydrology hydronamics hydrophones hydrophytic plants hydroseeding ice depth ice lens immobility Immune suppression Immunotoxicity impact assessment impact mitigation impacts imperviousness in pit hydraulic placement in place reclamation in situ oil sands in situ projects in situ reclamation in-ground storage in-situ in-vessel composting incidental observation index Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) Indian mustard indicator species indicators Indigenous communities indigenous perspectives indigenous plant species indigenous traditional activities industrial disturbance industrial research chair industry industry features industry practices infiltration infrared imagery infrared photography infrastructure development ingress innovation innovation ecosystem innovation opportunities insect pitfall trapping insolubility instrumented soil capping trial integrated land management integrated resource management interior habitat internal feedback mechanisms internet of things Internet of Things (IoT) invasion ecology invasive species invertebrates ion concentration ionic composition iron irrigation islands&quot isotopes  jack pine jackpine K+ knowledge sharing KOMPSAT (Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-3) Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Laboratory studies laboratory study labrador tea lake Lake Chub lake whitefish lakes land area Land Capability Classification System (LCCS) land cover land cover change land cover classification land disturbance land footprint land management land neutrality Land Stewardship Working Group (LSWG) land title land types land use land use inventory land-use mapping land-use planning landbase landbird demographics landfill landform construction landform design landform evolution landform types landforms Landsat data landscape landscape connectivity landscape design Landscape Ecological Assessment and Planning (LEAP) framework Landscape Ecological Assessment and Planning (LEAP) process landscape recovery landscape users landscape-level planning landscape-scale treatments Langmuir hyperbolic isotherm model larch large mammal detection large mammals large scale restoration laser detection and ranging (LADAR) lasionycteris noctivagans lasiurus borealis lasiurus cinereus lasters Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins lateral water flow le conte&apos leaching lead leaf sampling leaf wetness Lean oil sands Lean Oil Sands (LOS) lease roads least flycatcher legacy CT legacy disturbance legacy disturbances legacy seismic lines legacy well sites legal approach legal risks legume/forb interseeding legumes lentic area lesser scaup lessons learned level of disturbance leveling leymus innovatus LFH LFH (identifiable litter LHF layer liability libraries licensee liability monitoring lichen lichen abundance lichen distribution lichen diversity lichen species richness lichen transplantation lichen-rich habitats LiDAR LiDAR mapping light Lightening lime sludges limiting factors Lincoln&apos line blocking line clearing linear deactivation linear disturbance linear feature regeneration lingonberry lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) literature review litter little brown bats little brown myotis little smokey region live stakes live vs stockpile peat liverworts livestock feed Local Ecological Footprinting Tool (LEFT) local materials lodgepole pine lodgepole pines log jams logging trucks logs long chain hydrocarbons long term site recovery long wave infrared (LWIR) long-distance hauling long-eared myotis long-legged myotis long-tailed duck long-term ecological monitoring long-term exposure long-term investment long-term monitoring long-term research program long-term storage long-term sulphur storage longer-chain PHC fractions longnose dace Longnose Sucker lotic area low berry yield low bush cranberry low ground pressure track hoe low ground-pressure (i.e. low reproductive rate low risk saline sites low-bush cranberry (Viburnum edule) Low-Impact Seismic (LIS) lines low-impact seismic sources lowbush cranberry lower subsoil lowland lowland ecosystems lowland sites lowland substrate Luvisolic soil lynx machine learning machine-learning eDNA survey tool macronutrients macrophytes macrotopography maintenance-free landscapes mammal detection mammals management management options manganese manual labour manual removal manuals mapping mapping platform mapping technologies MAPS MAPS program marl lacustrine deposits marsh wren marshes marten mass material handling material handling system material salvage maternal penning matrix matting mature fine tailings (MFT) mature forest mature forests meadow vole meadow voles mean germination time (MGT) mechanical site preparation mechanical treatment mechanical treatments mercury mesotopography metagenomics metal metal mobility metals metazoans methane (CH4) methane emissions methane oxidation methodologies methyl anthranilate (MA) metrics Mg2+ mice micro-topography microbes microbial microbial activity microbial biomass carbon microbial breakdown microbial communities microbial community microbial functional diversity microbial number microbial pre-treatment microbiology microbiome analysis microclimate microhabitats micronutrients microsite variability microsites microtines microtopography mid wave infrared (MWIR) migration migratory birds migratory passerine birds mikkwa river mindsets mine mine closure mine closure planning mine financial security program mine pits mine reclamation mine sites mine waste mine waste rock management mineable oil sands mined sites mineral mineral nitrogen mineral soils mineralization mineralogy miniaturized sources minimal disturbance minimal impact seismic sources minimizing disturbance minimizing impacts mining impacts mining policy mining reclamation minnow mitigating impact mitigation hierarchy mixed wood mixedwood mobility model model forest modelling models moisture Moisture retention molybdenum molybdenum mining monitoring framework monitoring indicators monitoring network monitoring program monitoring protocols monitoring system performance monitoring tools monocultures moose moose calf moss moss plugs mosses motion sensor cameras mounding mountain brome mountain caribou habitat mountain whitefish mulch mulch depth mulching mule deer multi-criterial evaluation (MCE) multi-function machines multi-spectral imagery multi-temporal analysis multi-trophic interactions multi-walled carbon nanotubules (MWCNT) multi-well pads multiple lines of evidence (LOE) multispectral remote sensing municipal development municipal property taxes municipal sewage sludge muskeg muskeg mineral soil material mycorrhizae mycorrhizal biomass mycorrhizal biotechnology mycorrhizal colonization Mycorrhizal Fungi myotis evotis myotis lucifugus myotis septentrionalis myotis volans N N2 Na+ nanomaterials nanoparticles naphthenic acids napthenic acid (NA) napthenic acids National Biodiversity Strategy native boreal plant species native cover native forbs native grasses native plant communities native plant establishment native plant species native plants native propagule  Native shrubs native soil propagules native species native vegetation natural analogues natural fens natural recovery natural regeneration natural resource extraction natural riparian ecosystems natural soils natural stressors Naturally occurring hydrocarbons Naturally-Occurring Petroleum Hydrocarbons (NPHCs) nature-based solutions nature-positive practices near zero seismic footprint near-infrared near-surface imaging nelson&apos nest boxes nesting sites net neutral land disturbance net primary production nimble nodes nitrate reduction nitrates nitrogen nitrogen flux nitrogen loading nitrogen release rate nitrogen-fixing bacteria No Net Loss (NNL) NO2 nocturnal species Nodwell) excavator non-frozen conditions non-lethal predator removal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) northern long-eared bats northern long-eared myotis northern pike northern pintail northern redbelly dace northern waterthrush novel dispersed array (DSA). fibreoptic sensing NPK fertilizer nursery nursery protocols nursery seedings nursery trial nutrient analysis nutrient availability nutrient cycles nutrient deficiency nutrient dynamics nutrient leaching nutrient pools nutrient ratios nutrient status nutrient-loading nutrients nutrition nutritional stress odour detection threshold off-pad impacts offset costs oil oil and gas exploration oil extraction oil reserves oil sand Oil Sand Exploration (OSE) wells oil sand process-affected water (OSPW) oil sands by-products oil sands ecology Oil Sands Exploration (OSE) oil sands exploration (OSE) wells oil sands mines Oil sands mining Oil sands process-affected materials (OSPM) Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) oil sands region oil sands region (OSR) oil sands region (OSR) reclamation oil sands restoration Oil Sands Vegetation Cooperative oil sands-affected waters oil-impacted soil oiled birds olive-sided flycatcher Online Reporting for Biodiversity (ORB) tool open canopy open pit coal mines open pit metallurgical mines open water operating risks operational planning operator training tools organic amendment organic amendments organic carbon organic material organic matter accumulation organic residuals organic soil carbon organic soils organics ornamental fish OSE (oil sands exploration) OSE (oil sands exploration) wells OSE reclamation OSE well pads OSLI outcome based planning outdated construction practices outplanting outplanting success outreach overburden overview owls oxidization oxidized lignite P packed snow pad characteristics pad reclamation pad removal pad size padded access roads pads PAHs paper parasitic fungi passive management passive regeneration passive weed control PCR pea pearl dace peat peat compression peat decompaction peat mineral storage dumps peat moss peat rebound peat supplementation peat-mineral mix peat-mineral soil mix peat-mix cap peatland reclamation peatland restoration pellet samples perennials periphyton permafrost permanence pests petrogenic petroleum petroleum coke petroleum coke (coke) petroleum coke cells petroleum coke leachate petroleum hydrocarbons petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) pH pH toxicity pH-tolerance phenols phosphorus phosphorus loading photographic monitoring physiological hormones physiology phytoplankton Picea glauca pied-billed grebe Pileated woodpecker pileated woodpeckers pin cherry pine pine cones PinPoint Pinus banksiana pipeline construction pipeline revegetation pipeline rights of way pit mines PIT tags placement of salvaged material plains bison plankton planned wetlands planning planning framework planning tools plant plant autecology plant communities plant community plant cover plant cuttings plant diversity plant establishment plant functional traits plant germination plant growth plant morphology plant nursery plant nutrients plant protectors plant re-establishment plant reclamation plant reestablishment plant restoration plant root stimulator Plant rooting plant roots plant sensitivity plant survey plant synecology planting planting cuttings planting density planting depth planting stock plasma technology plug plots point count surveys point-intercept sampling polarization policies policy and stakeholder engagement pollination temperature polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polymer polymerase chain reaction pond pond tailings ponding pools poor fen poplar population population decline population dynamics population ecology population estimates population recovery population-based management tools population-based measures populations Populus tremuloides pore-gas profiling porewater chemistry positive water balance post-fire post-fire disturbance potassium power costs pre-construction assessments pre-disturbance pre-disturbance assessment Pre-Disturbance Assessment(PDA) pre-emergent weed control precipitation predation predation risk predator predator exclosure fencing predator exclosures predator management predator movement predator-free fenced area predator-prey dynamics predator-prey ecology predator-prey interactions predator-prey overlap predators predictive model predictive modeling predictive modelling prevention prey abundance primary production primer sets primrose east expansion project primrose project area priority restoration process-affected ponds produced water produced water ions productivity progressive reclamation progressive reclamation practices project management project planning prompt action propagule collection propagule loss propagule migration propagule type propagule viability propagules Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) analysis Protected and Conserved Areas (PCAs) provincial regulations psychological stress public access puck shape pulp mill biosolids qPCR assay quality standards radar radiance rail siding infrastructure rainbow trout rainfall data raised bogs range rangifer tarandus caribou ranking raptors rare lichen species rare species rat root ratings ratings agencies ravens re-contouring real time data collection and management reclaimed landforms reclaimed mine land reclaimed riparian ecosystems reclaimed soil reclaimed tailings sites reclamation amendment reclamation certification reclamation costs reclamation covers reclamation guide reclamation habitats reclamation material reclamation material depth Reclamation Material Stockpile (RMS) Reclamation material stockpiles reclamation planning reclamation research reclamation soil reclamation soils reclamation strategies reclamation targets reclamation techniques reclamation technologies reclamation tools reclamation trajectory reclamation treatments reclamation trial recolonization reconstructed landscapes reconstructed soils recontouring recovery recycled water red bats red currant (Ribes triste) red squirrel red-backed vole red-backed voles reduced cost reduced emissions reduced environmental impact reduced footprint reduced funding administration burden reducing predator movement efficiency reforestation reforestation success regeneration regeneration planning regional planning regulations regulators regulatory standards reindeer lichen reintroduction methods Rejex-It&quot relational database relative abundance relative humidity remediation remediation and reclamation (ARR) remediation tools remote camera monitoring remote cameras remote locations remote restoration equipment remote sensing renewable fiber renewable products replicability reporting reporting guidelines reporting regulations research and monitoring research priorities residence time residual hydrocarbons residual oil resilience resiliency resource development impacts resource recovery resource selection restoration demonstration site restoration equipment restoration frameworks restoration prioritization restoration programs restoration showcase site restoration strategies restoration techniques restoration technologies restoration toolbox restoration treatment restoration treatments return on investment revegetation revegetation success rhizome rich fen ridges rig availability rip-rap riparian riparian buffer riparian classification riparian ecosystems riparian sites riparian vegetation ripping riprap riprap alternatives risk analysis risk assessment Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) risk assessment tools risk management risk management strategy risk mitigation risk profile risks river river channels watercourses river valleys road construction road fill road reclamation roads robin RoBird rock weir rollback rolling circle amplification (RCA) root development root nodules root propagation root salvage root symbionts root zone rooting zone roots rootzone rose rototilling rough and loose soil management rough and loose soils rough and loose surfaces rough microtopography rough mulching route planning royalty payouts ruderal species ruffed grouse rusty blackbird s sedge s sparrow safety safety standards saline donor sites saline fen saline wetlands salinity Salix bebbiana Salix exigua Salix lucida Salix lutea Salix petiolaris Salix scouleriana Salix spp salt salt flux salt migration salt tolerance salt-impacted sites salt-impacted soils salt-sensitive crops salt-tolerant crop salts sample dilution sand sandhill crane Sandhill Fen Research Watershed (SFRW) sandy materials saskatoon Saskatoon berry satellite-derived Digital Terrain Model (DTM) saturated tailings savannah sparrow scalable costs scale scarification scat  scattering cones scientific method scirpus scope seaside arrow grass seasonal habitat use Secondary Deterrent Units (SDU) secondary material sedge meadows sedge plugs sedge wren sedges sediment sediment quality sediment transfer sedimentation seed acquisition seed bank seed banking seed capture seed collection seed desiccation seed dispersal seed distribution seed dormancy seed extraction seed germination seed heads seed longevity seed mixes seed priming seed puck coatings seed pucks seed storage seed treatments seed viability seed volume index seeding seeding treatment seedling seedling emergence seedling establishment seedling growth seedling nursery seedling performance seedling production seedling quality seedling survival seedling vigor seedlings seeds seepage seine seismic exploration seismic line seismic line restoration seismic lines selenium self-sustaining communities self-sustaining ecosystem self-sustaining ecosystems self-sustaining populations semi-aquatic mammals semi-passive water treatment semi-permanent footprint sensitive habitat sensitive species sensitive species monitoring sensory disturbance Septoria shade shale overburden shallow peatland shallow salvage harvest Shared practices Shark Fin Drum sharp-tailed grouse sheep fescue shorebirds shoreline stabilization short-tailed weasel short-term establishment indicators shorter-chain PHC fractions shotgun sequencing shrew shrub establishment shrub seedlings shrubland shrubs silica silt silver haired bats silver-haired bat silviculture simulation simulation modelling single well pads site age effects site chemistry site conditions site preparation site recovery site type SkyStrat slant drilling slant rigs slant wells slash mulch slash reclamation slender wheatgrass slimy sculpin slope slope angle slope facet slope stabilization sludge waste small lease sizes small mammal trapping small mammals smoke water smoke water (SW) snag monitoring snow cover snow surveys snow tracks snowberry snowshoe hare social organic carbon social sciences social well-being societal risks socio-economic sodic wetlands sodicity sodium sodium (Na) sodium adsorption ratio sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) sodium chloride sodium sulphate salts soft tailings software soil acidity soil acidity gradient soil amendment soil analysis soil arthropods soil capping soil capping prescriptions soil capping research soil capping thickness soil chemistry Soil column study soil compaction soil conditions soil contamination soil cover soil covers soil decomposition soil decontamination soil decontamination sector soil density soil development soil drainage soil fungi soil handing soil handling practices soil health Soil hydrophobicity soil inoculation soil management system soil mesofauna soil microbial community soil microorganisms soil model soil moisture soil moisture modelling soil monitoring soil nutrient analysis soil nutrients soil organic carbon soil organic matter soil pH soil pH buffer soil physical quality soil profiles soil properties soil reclamation soil reconstruction soil remediation soil salinity soil salinity (ECE) soil salvage soil samples soil stabilization soil stockpiles soil stockpiling soil stockpiling and stockpile maintenance soil surface caps soil sustainability soil temperature soil tilling and decompaction soil-water soil. Soil compaction solid waste solidago canadensis soluble cations soluble organic chemicals solute transport songbird monitoring songbird surveys songbirds sora sorption isotherms southern red-backed vole sowing season sparrow spatial analysis spatial framework spatial geodatabase spatial scope spawning species abundance species at risk Species At Risk (SAR) species composition species diversity Species identification species index species of concern species of conservation concern species productivity species survivorship sphagnum Sphagnum mosses spiders spirea spoonhead sculpin sport fish sports fishing spottail shiner spraying spring planting spruce stability stakeholder engagement stakeholders stand characteristics stand modification stand productivity stand tending standard ESC standards steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) waste steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) water treatment wastes (salt waste and Newalta sludge) stem bending stockpile stockpile management stockpile sites stockpiling stockpiling soil storing salvaged material Storm strategic priorities strategy stratigraphic data stray gas stream crossing inventories stream crossing program stream crossings stream habitat stream monitoring stream orders stream substrate streambank stabilization stress stripping strontium structured decision-making process (SDM) Sub Regional Planning Areas (SRPAs) sub-regional planning submerged aquatic vegetation subsoil subsoil replacement subsoil salvage substrate substrate amendments substrate texture subsurface imaging subsurface interflow succession sucker fish suckers sulfur sulfur dioxide sulphate sulphate-sulphur sulphur sulphur emissions sulphuric acid sump sites suppression surface mining surface preparation surface roughness surface runoff surface soil &quot surface soil mixing surface soil replacement surface soil salvage surface soil stockpiling surface water contamination surface water dynamics survey techniques survey technologies sustainability sustainable development sustainable planning sustainable resource development swales swamps symbiotic fungi synchronization index (SYN) synthetic crude oil tackyfying tackyfying agent tailings tailings management tailings materials tailings pond tailings ponds tailings reduction operations (TRO) tailings sands tailings water impacts tamarack tar river Tarballs targeted assay targeted species Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TFND) tax and royalty (AFTR) tea bag fertilization technology telemetry temperature temperature stratification temporary creek relocation temporary loss temporary reclamation terminal dieback terrain terrain features terrestrial arthropods terrestrial ecosystem terrestrial landscapes terrestrial lichen terrestrial vegetation test angling thermal infrared (TIR) camera threatened species threatened species habitat use threshold plant density thrush tillage timber clearing timber supply toluene toolbox toolkit topdressing Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) topography topsoil topsoil reconstruction topsoil recovery total digestible nutrients total extractable hydrocarbons total metals total nitrogen township-level restoration townships toxicity testing toxicology trace element testing trace elements track count track density tracking tracks traditional ecological knowledge traditional territories trail construction training trains transects transformative technologies translocation transplanting methods treated lines treatment requirements treatment technologies treaty lands tree tree and shrub planting tree canopy tree cavities tree clearing tree cover tree cutting reduction tree establishment tree felling tree height tree planting tree regeneration tree seeding tree senescence tree spade treed fen trees trenchless triggers triiodothryronine (T3) trout-perch trumpeter swan observation data trumpeter swans twinberry (Lonicera involucrate) twinflower twinflower (Linnaea borealis) UAVs umbrella species understory understory plants understory shrubs understory vegetation undisturbed habitat undrained conditions ungulates unique or rare wildlife unmanned aerial system (UAS) Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) unmanned aerial systems (UASs) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) unmanned arial vehicle (UAV) unpacked snow untreated lines upland upland ecosites upland forest upland forest communities upland forests upland sites upper subsoil uptake efficiency Vaccinium sp. Valdensinia vanadium vascular plant species vascular plants VCE vegetation communities vegetation composition vegetation control vegetation cover vegetation establishment vegetation health vegetation history vegetation indices vegetation management vegetation performance vegetation re-establishment vegetation reclamation vegetation regeneration vegetation restoration vegetative covers vegetative propagation velvet leaved blueberry (Vaccinium myryilloides) vertebrates vertical wells Vibroseis vireo virtual centre of excellence virtual training simulators visual guides visual obstruction vital rates VLOS vocalization vole vulnerability waders wake effect walleye warbler warbling vireo waste waste disposal waste management facility waste overburden waste piles waste reclamation waste reduction waste rock waste stream water balance water bodies water chemistry water contamination water content water control water cycling water depth water drainage water flow water flow barriers water flow channels water fowl water infiltration water levels water management water migration water nutrients water permanence water ponding water purification water quality water quality assessment water recharge chemical movement water retention water rock water sampling water sedge water sources water storage water table water table level water temperature water use water-holding borrow pits water-holding capacity watercourses waterfowl waterfowl distribution maps waterfowl habitat waterfowl habitat potential waterfowl mapping waterfowl monitoring waterfowl/waterbird surveys watershed watershed design watershed planning watershed remediation watersheds wattle fences waxwing weasel weathering weed competition Weed Control Act Weed Control Regulation weed management weed sandwiches weeds well pads well sites wellpads wellsite construction wellsite reclamation wellsites western boreal western grebe western tanager Westslope cutthroat trout wet meadow composition wet-areas-mapping wetland classification wetland communities wetland complex wetland complexes wetland ecosites wetland ecosystem wetland features wetland function wetland guidebook development wetland hydrology wetland inventory wetland mapping wetland mitigation wetland monitoring wetland reclamation wetland reconstruction wetland restoration wetland slope wetland succession wetland vegetation wetness indices whips white birch white spruce White Sucker White suckers white-tailed deer whole logs wild blueberries wild-to-wild translocations wildfire disturbance wildfire risk wildfires wildland fire wildlife cameras wildlife corridors wildlife crossing wildlife detection wildlife dynamics wildlife habitat diversity wildlife habitat features wildlife habitat reclamation wildlife monitoring wildlife movement wildlife observation wildlife response wildlife risk assessment wildlife sightings wildlife surveys wildlife sweeps wildlife tracks willow willow (Salix spp.) willow clones willow staking wind wind chill wind fences windspeed winter winter diet winter forage winter planting winter roads winter temperatures winter track counts winter track surveys winter tracks winterkill wireless recording wolf wolf abundance wolf control wolf lake project wolf management wolf travel wolf-willow wolves wood wood bison wood buffalo national park wood frog wood frogs wood management wood waste Wooded Rich Fen (WRF) woodland woodland caribou habitat woodpeckers woody debris spreading woody material woody material volumes woody plants woody vegetation wooly sedge work plan worker safety working landscape workshop X-Prize for restoration xylenes Yellow perch yellow rail yellow rails zero footprint zero footprint seismic zero footprint seismic techniques zero land disturbance zinc zooplankton